A molecular phylogenetic analysis was done of not‐yet‐cultured spirochaetes inhabiting the gut of the termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Ninety‐eight clones of near‐full‐length spirochaetal 16S rDNA genes were classified by ARDRA pattern and by partial sequencing. All clones grouped within the genus Treponema , and at least 21 new species of Treponema were recognized within R. flavipes alone. Analysis of 190 additional clones from guts of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen), as well as published data on clones from Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland), Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt, Nasutitermes lujae (Wasmann) and Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe), revealed a similar level of novel treponemal phylogenetic diversity in these re
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