Abstract Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases. It includes a range of environmental and genetic risk factors due to its multifaceted nature. The use of artificial intelligence technologies like Machine learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) in the field of dentistry helps improve the diagnosis and treatment of ECC. It provides personalized precision in big data and caries prediction. This study mainly focuses on the different risk factors, dental caries indexes, and the importance of early caries prediction and treatment. In this review, we systematically surveyed previous studies on applying ML and DL algorithms for caries prediction. Oral health surveys, longitudinal studies, and databases with dental imaging and demographic data are some of the data sources from these articles. This study examined various approaches, datasets, methodologies, and algorithms. The inclusion criteria are the accuracy of models, the investigation of different risk factors, and the applicability of ML and DL in caries prediction. Results showed that ML algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines, achieved an accuracy of 88.76% on smartphone images
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