Abstract Purpose of Review There is much debate in machine ethics about the most appropriate way to introduce ethical reasoning capabilities into robots and other intelligent autonomous machines (IAMs). The main problem is that hardwiring intelligent and cognitive robots with commands not to cause harm or damage is not consistent with the notions of autonomy and intelligence. Also, such hardwiring does not leave robots with any course of action if they encounter situations for which they are not programmed or where some harm is caused no matter what course of action is taken. Recent Findings Recent developments in intelligent autonomous vehicle standards have led to the identification of different levels of autonomy than can be usefully applied to different levels of cognitive robotics. In particular, the introduction of ethical reasoning capability can add levels of autonomy not previously envisaged but which may be necessary if fully autonomous robots are to be trustworthy. But research into how to give IAMs an ethical reasoning capability is a relatively under-explored area in artificial intelligence
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