ABSTRACT Plants serve as fundamental engineers of the biosphere, orchestrating processes essential for planetary function and the sustenance of life. They exhibit a notable morphological paradox: Aboveground structures (primarily photosynthetic shoots) display remarkable diversity in architecture and organ specialization, whereas belowground structures (primarily heterotrophic roots) often demonstrate striking conservation and convergence across phylogenetically distant taxa. This article synthesizes current knowledge on the dynamic patterns of ATP in photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues driven by diurnal cycles, as well as variations in iron concentrations across different plant organs and tissues. By integrating molecular, physiological, and thermodynamic perspectives, the article proposes that shoots transition from ATP synthesis during the day to extensive extracellular Fenton chemistry at night, thereby coping with the substantial temperature decline. In contrast, roots, buffered by the insulating properties of soil, experience relatively minor fluctuations in the intensity of extracellular Fenton chemistry. Furthermore, critical life cycle transitions, i
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