A pair of reconstructions of serial blockface scanning electron microscopic images showing dendritic spines (blue) on dendrites (gray) of pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex, in a wildtype mouse (left) and in a mouse that is heterozygous for a null mutation in the Cyfip2 gene (right). Null mutations of this gene on one copy of chromosome 5 in humans are associated with intellectual disability and seizures. Mice with deletion of one copy of the gene have similar problems and their cortical neurons show enlarged dendritic spines (shown here) with reduced expression of potassium channels, thus predisposing to hyperexcitability which can be normalized with lithium treatment. See Lee et al., pp. 526–543, in this issue.
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